Published: 16 Feb. 2021
9 min
9 min read
Iwo Zamora0

Optimizing a microbial fed-batch bioprocess

Microbial bioprocess

The fed-batch technique is an important biotechnological process strategy. Unlike the simpler Batch strategy, the substrate for microbial growth is not administered all at once but added over time. This allows control over the culture growth and product formation, whilst avoiding reactor limitations. Despite these advantages, a fed-batch will require optimization, which can present its own challenges.

This article shows one possible strategy to optimize a fed-batch. However, the topic is highly controversial, and many experts will recommend a different approach. The shown procedure is labour intensive but usually leads to success. Additionally, the gained strain characterisation can be used for further optimization, scale-up, risk analysis and a quality by design approach.  

1. Define the goal

Each optimization process needs a defined goal. Assuming a recombinant protein shall be produced, the typical objective for the optimization is to reach the highest possible amount of product in the shortest possible time –hence maximizing the product time yieldThis article demonstrates a possible strategy to achieve this goal. For any other goal, the shown strategy may be altered accordingly.  

 

2. Characterize the growth of your strain

The growth behavior is strain dependent and must be known in order to thoroughly master a fed-batch. The growth can be characterized using the following key figures:

  • µmax Maximum specific growth rate  
    Grams of new biomass produced by one gram of biomass per hour, when the substrate is unlimited (→ batch)
  • Yx/s,max Maximum yield biomass/substrate
    Grams of new build biomass when one gram of substrate is consumed, and the substrate is unlimited (→ batch)
  • ms Specific rate of substrate consumption for cell maintenance
    Minimum amount of substrate consumed per gram of biomass per hour in order to survive

These figures can be seen as constant for a strain providing the cultivation conditions including substrate, pH, temperature, etc., do not change. The values for µmax and Yx/s,max can be obtained from batch data (Fig. 1). The value for ms, requires data from several fed-batches which may not be readily available, therefore literature values are commonly used instead.


INFORSHT-Grafik-1-Blog.jpg

Fig 1: Calculating growth relevant kinetic figures from batch process data. The regression line’s slope on the left graph, corresponds to the maximum specific growth rate µmax. The slope of the regression line in the right graphic corresponds to the negative value of the maximum yield biomass/substrate Yx/s,max.

Using these values, it is possible to calculate the feed rate required to reach a desired specific growth rate µset in a fed-batch:

  • First the asymptote value for the yield biomass/substrate Yx/s,abs is calculated.
  • With Yx/s,abs the starting feeding rate F0 can be calculated. Additionally, the biomass concentration x0 and cultivation volume V0 at the start of the fed-batch and the substrate concentration in the feeding media win are required.
  • To reach a constant specific growth rate, the temporal course of the feeding rate Ft is calculated by the following equation, where t is the time elapsed since the fed-batch started.

Formeln.png


3. Characterize the product formation of your strain

The productivity of the strain is characterised by the specific product formation rate qp, which corresponds to the amount of product produced by one gram of biomass per hour. The value of qp is not constant, but highly dependent on the specific growth rate µ. The dependency is different for each strain and must be determined empirically. At least three fed-batch processes, each at a different µset, must be carried out to give an accurate characterisation. Fig. 2 shows how the process data can be used to calculate the reached growth rate and specific product formation rate, and details how the dependency of these two figures can be approximated.


INFORSHT-Grafik-2-Blog.jpg

Fig. 2: By using process data from three fed-batches A, B and C, each conducted at a different but constant set specific growth rate µset, the strain’s specific product formation rate qp can be characterised. The first two graphs show how the reached specific growth rates µ and reached values for qp can be gained by the means of linear regression. The third graph illustrates a model describing the dependency between qp and µ. The fitted model reveals the specific growth rate, which leads to the highest specific product formation rate (µqp,max → qp,max).


4. Optimize the fed-batch

Rapid proliferation, high productivity per biomass and high biomass concentration are all prerequisites to maximize the product time yield. The dilemma is that they cannot be achieved at the same specific growth rate (Fig. 3). 


INFORSHT-Grafik-3-Blog.jpg

Fig. 3: In a fed-batch the specific growth rate µ can be freely chosen. At µx,max the maximum achievable biomass concentration xLim is at its highest, but the growth speed is very slow and depending on the strain, qp is not necessarily high. At µqp,max the specific product formation rate reaches its maximum qp,max, but xLim and the growth speed are not necessarily high. Finally, at the maximum specific growth rate µmax the cell proliferation is at its fastest, but xLim is low and the specific product formation rate is not necessarily high.


This predicament is the reason why a fed-batch requires an optimization. It can be solved by temporal segregation into three phases, each with a different goal:

Batch phase → Maximized biomass proliferation

A rapid biomass growth is achieved by introducing a batch phase prior to the fed-batch. As the substrate is available in abundance, the microorganisms will grow at the maximum speed characterized by the maximum specific growth rate.

Defining the batch’s volume and concentration is an optimization issue of its own. In general, we recommend the following procedure:

  • Substrate: if the specific product formation rate is close to zero at the maximum specific growth rate (Fig. 3) and the maximum specific growth rate is low compared to other substrates, it is worth using a substrate with a higher µmax during the batch phase. This is often the case for Pichia pastoris, where the batch is conducted with glucose for rapid proliferation, while methanol is used during the fed-batch to induce the AOX promoter driven product formation.
  • Substrate concentration: For most organisms (or organism classes) standardized batch media containing balanced levels of compounds exist. It is not advisable to change the substrate concentration in this type of media, as it may lead to limitations or excesses in other compounds. Instead, it is recommended to use a standardized batch medium with a regular amount of substrate whenever possible. If modifications are nevertheless necessary, the rule is: the higher the starting substrate concentration s0, the shorter the whole process will last – but the amount of product will decrease.
  • Volume: To maximize the product quantity, the reactor must be filled completely by the end of the fed-batch. The easiest way to achieve this is by using an empirical approach. For the first run the starting volume is set to the minimum working volume of the reactor Vmin. The volume at the end of the fed-batch is measured and defined as Vend. The required starting Volume V0 to reach the maximum working volume Vmax by the end of the process, can then be calculated as follows:

Formula-starting-volume.png


Exponential fed-batch → Maximized productivity per biomass

Once the substrate from the batch has been depleted, an exponential fed-batch is started. Since the biomass concentration is still comparably low and will only increase over time, a high productivity per biomass is emphasized. Therefore, the fed-batch is carried out at the specific growth rate resulting in the maximum specific product formation rate (µqp,max → qp,max). If µqp,max is greater than 80% of µmax, the specific growth rate is set to 80% of µmax to avoid substrate accumulation.

pO2 dependent fed-batch → Maximized biomass concentration

Eventually, the bioreactor’s limits for cell maintenance will be reached. In lab scale, this typically means that the media’s oxygen saturation pO2 will drop to zero. A very low pO2 can alter the metabolism or even the product quality. This can be circumvented by defining a lower boundary for the oxygen saturation pO2L, which should not be undercut.

When pO2L is reached, it is possible to reduce the set specific growth rate to allow for a further increase of the biomass concentration without causing an oxygen shortage. However, this will also decrease the specific product formation rate. Therefore, the specific growth rate should only be reduced gradually, with each step trading a reduction in the specific product formation rate for a higher biomass concentration (Fig. 4). The easiest way to achieve this is to combine the exponential fed-batch and the pO2 dependent fed-batch into one feeding algorithm:

  • For the first iteration the initial feeding rate Fstart is calculated. In this case x0 is the biomass concentration after the inoculation.
  • Afterwards, the feeding rate is modified depending on the pO2 value, where Ft is the current, Ft-1 the last feeding rate and Δt the time elapsed between the two.

Formeln2.png


The process will conclude when the pO2 decreases despite a constant feeding rate has been reached (Fig. 4). At this point, any further increase of the biomass concentration will cause an oxygen shortage.

It must be highlighted that for larger reactor types, the limiting factor may be the heat dissipation instead of the pO2. Therefore, the temperature will permanently increase above the setpoint. In this instance, the shown strategy can be altered accordingly.

Schematic-optimizedfed-batch_300dpi.png

Fig. 4: Schematic overview of an optimized fed-batch. During the initial batch phase B, the culture grows at the maximum specific growth rate µmax. When the initial substrate s0 is consumed completely, the exponential fed batch eFB is started, which is conducted at the specific growth rate leading to the maximum specific product formation rate (µqp,max → qp,max). As soon as the dissolved oxygen concentration drops below a given lower limit pO2L, the pO2 dependent fed-batch O2FB is started. The process ends when the pO2 drops below pO2L, despite a constant feeding rate. Ideally at this point, the reactor’s maximum working volume Vmax will have been reached.


5. Consider further modifications

If the resulting bioprocess does not lead to a satisfactory result, the set specific growth rate for the exponential fed-batch can be altered. Reducing it below µqp,max will potentially lead to a higher amount of product but will increase the process duration. Alternatively, an increase will lead to a shorter process duration, while reducing the yielding amount of product.

 

Summary

  • Optimizing a fed-batch is labor intensive. Therefore, it is important to have a proven strategy to make the time invested worthwhile.
  • This article shows one possible strategy to maximize the resulting amount of product in the shortest possible time. If needed, it can be altered in order to match another goal.
  • The key to success is to divide the process into phases, each with a different goal and to set the specific growth rate according to the goal of each phase.


Nomenclature  

µ h-1 Specific growth rate 
µmax h-1
Maximum specific growth rate. Reached at unlimited growth (batch) 
µqp,max h-1
Specific growth rate which leads to qp,max 
µset h-1
Set specified growth rate for a fed-batch 
µw h-1
Width value of the qp(µ) dependency 
µx,max h-1
Specific growth rate which leads to maximum biomass concentration 
F0 g h-1
Initial feeding rate 
Fstart g h-1
Initial feeding rate for the optimized fed-batch 
Ft g h-1
Feeding rate at time t 
ms g g-1 h-1
Specific rate of substrate consumption for cell maintenance 
pO2 % Dissolved oxygen concentration in medium 
qp mg g-1 h-1
Specific product formation rate 
qp,max mg g-1 h-1
Maximum specific product formation rate 
s g L-1
Substrate concentration 
s0 g L-1
Substrate concentration at the time of inoculation 
t h Elapsed time since fed-batch started 
Δt h Elapsed time between two iterations 
V L Volume of cultivation broth 
V0 L Volume of cultivation broth after inoculation 
Vend L Volume of cultivation broth reached by a characterization fed-batch conducted with V0 = Vmin  
Vmax L Maximum working volume of the reactor 
Vmin L Minimum working volume of the reactor 
Vs L Supernatant volume 
win g g-1
Substrate content in the feeding medium 
x g L-1
Biomass concentration 
x0 g L-1
Biomass concentration after inoculation 
xLim g L-1
Maximum achievable biomass concentration, limited by the oxygen supply of the reactor 
Yx/s g g-1
Yield biomass/substrate 
Yx/s,abs g g-1
Asymptotic value of the Yx/s(µ) dependency 
Yx/s,max g g-1
Maximum yield biomass/substrate. Reached at unlimited growth (batch) 
B  Batch phase 
eFB  Exponential fed-batch phase 
O2FB  pO2 dependent fed-batch phase 

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